Lex Fridman Podcast

Jack Weatherford is an anthropologist and historian specializing in Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep476-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep476-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/jack-weatherford-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/jack-weatherford-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Jack’s Books: https://amzn.to/3ISziZr [https://amzn.to/3ISziZr] Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World: https://amzn.to/4l45LsY [https://amzn.to/4l45LsY] The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: https://amzn.to/4l22uud [https://amzn.to/4l22uud] Genghis Khan and the Quest for God: https://amzn.to/4fpOQA4 [https://amzn.to/4fpOQA4] Emperor of the Seas: Kublai Khan and the Making of China: https://amzn.to/40JEll1 [https://amzn.to/40JEll1] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Allio Capital: AI-powered investment app that uses global macroeconomic trends. Go to https://alliocapital.com/ [https://lexfridman.com/s/allio_capital-ep476-sc] ZocDoc: App that helps patients find healthcare providers. Go to https://zocdoc.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/zocdoc-ep476-sc] Fin: AI agent for customer service. Go to https://fin.ai/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/fin-ep476-sc] Oracle: Cloud infrastructure. Go to https://oracle.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/oracle-ep476-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep476-sc] MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod [https://lexfridman.com/s/masterclass-ep476-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep476-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:44) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (10:44) – Origin story of Genghis Khan (52:30) – Early battles & conquests (1:05:11) – Power (1:07:33) – Secret History (1:20:58) – Mongolian steppe (1:24:16) – Mounted archery and horse-riding (1:32:36) – Genghis Khan’s army (1:48:49) – Military tactics and strategy (2:01:13) – Wars of conquest (2:05:37) – Dan Carlin (2:15:37) – Religious freedom (2:31:24) – Trade and the Silk Road (2:40:10) – Weapons innovation (2:41:40) – Kublai Khan and conquering China (3:23:31) – Fall of the Mongol Empire (3:50:26) – Genetic legacy (4:00:20) – Lessons from Genghis Khan (4:10:36) – Human nature (4:13:47) – Visiting Mongolia (4:33:15) – Lex: Dan Carlin (4:36:06) – Lex: Gaza PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast [https://lexfridman.com/podcast] – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr [https://apple.co/2lwqZIr] – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 [https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8] – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ [https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/] – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4] – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips [https://www.youtube.com/lexclips]

Demis Hassabis is the CEO of Google DeepMind and Nobel Prize winner for his groundbreaking work in protein structure prediction using AI. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep475-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep475-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/demis-hassabis-2-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/demis-hassabis-2-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Demis’s X: https://x.com/demishassabis [https://x.com/demishassabis] DeepMind’s X: https://x.com/GoogleDeepMind [https://x.com/GoogleDeepMind] DeepMind’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/GoogleDeepMind [https://instagram.com/GoogleDeepMind] DeepMind’s Website: https://deepmind.google/ [https://deepmind.google/] Gemini’s Website: https://gemini.google.com/ [https://gemini.google.com/] Isomorphic Labs: https://isomorphiclabs.com/ [https://isomorphiclabs.com/] The MANIAC (book): https://amzn.to/4lOXJ81 [https://amzn.to/4lOXJ81] Life Ascending (book): https://amzn.to/3AhUP7z [https://amzn.to/3AhUP7z] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs. Go to https://joinhampton.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/hampton-ep475-sc] Fin: AI agent for customer service. Go to https://fin.ai/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/fin-ep475-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep475-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep475-sc] AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep475-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (08:40) – Learnable patterns in nature (12:22) – Computation and P vs NP (21:00) – Veo 3 and understanding reality (25:24) – Video games (37:26) – AlphaEvolve (43:27) – AI research (47:51) – Simulating a biological organism (52:34) – Origin of life (58:49) – Path to AGI (1:09:35) – Scaling laws (1:12:51) – Compute (1:15:38) – Future of energy (1:19:34) – Human nature (1:24:28) – Google and the race to AGI (1:42:27) – Competition and AI talent (1:49:01) – Future of programming (1:55:27) – John von Neumann (2:04:41) – p(doom) (2:09:24) – Humanity (2:12:30) – Consciousness and quantum computation (2:18:40) – David Foster Wallace (2:25:54) – Education and research PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast [https://lexfridman.com/podcast] – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr [https://apple.co/2lwqZIr] – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 [https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8] – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ [https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/] – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4] – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips [https://www.youtube.com/lexclips]

David Heinemeier Hansson (aka DHH) is a legendary programmer, creator of Ruby on Rails, co-owner & CTO of 37signals that created Basecamp, HEY, & ONCE, and is a NYT-best-selling author (with Jason Fried) of 4 books: REWORK, REMOTE, Getting Real, and It Doesn’t Have To Be Crazy At Work. He is also a race car driver, including a class-winning performance at the 24 hour Le Mans race. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep474-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep474-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/dhh-david-heinemeier-hansson-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/dhh-david-heinemeier-hansson-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: DHH’s X: https://x.com/dhh [https://x.com/dhh] DHH’s Website: https://dhh.dk/ [https://dhh.dk/] Ruby on Rails: https://rubyonrails.org/ [https://rubyonrails.org/] 37signals: https://37signals.com/ [https://37signals.com/] DHH’s books: Rework: https://amzn.to/44rSKob [https://amzn.to/44rSKob] Remote: https://amzn.to/44GFJ91 [https://amzn.to/44GFJ91] It Doesn’t Have to Be Crazy at Work: https://amzn.to/46bzuwx [https://amzn.to/46bzuwx] Getting Real: https://amzn.to/4kzoMDg [https://amzn.to/4kzoMDg] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics. Go to https://upliftdesk.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/uplift_desk-ep474-sc] Lindy: No-code AI agent builder. Go to https://go.lindy.ai/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lindy-ep474-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep474-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep474-sc] NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep474-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:58) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (08:48) – Programming – early days (26:13) – JavaScript (36:32) – Google Chrome and DOJ (44:19) – Ruby programming language (51:30) – Beautiful code (1:09:31) – Metaprogramming (1:12:52) – Dynamic typing (1:20:10) – Scaling (1:33:03) – Future of programming (1:50:34) – Future of AI (1:56:29) – Vibe coding (2:05:01) – Rails manifesto: Principles of a great programming language (2:29:27) – Why managers are useless (2:38:48) – Small teams (2:44:55) – Jeff Bezos (3:00:13) – Why meetings are toxic (3:07:58) – Case against retirement (3:15:15) – Hard work (3:20:53) – Why we left the cloud (3:24:04) – AWS (3:33:22) – Owning your own servers (3:39:35) – Elon Musk (3:49:17) – Apple (4:01:03) – Tim Sweeney (4:12:37) – Fatherhood (4:38:19) – Racing (5:05:23) – Cars (5:10:41) – Programming setup (5:25:51) – Programming language for beginners (5:39:09) – Open source (5:48:01) – WordPress drama (5:59:18) – Money and happiness (6:08:11) – Hope

Debate on Iran war between Scott Horton and Mark Dubowitz. Scott Horton is the author and director of the Libertarian Institute, editorial director of Antiwar.com, host of The Scott Horton Show, and for the past three decades, a staunch critic of U.S. foreign policy and military interventionism. Mark Dubowitz is the chief executive of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, host of the Iran Breakdown podcast, and a leading expert on Iran and its nuclear program for over 20 years. This debate was recorded on Tuesday, June 24, after the Iran-Israel ceasefire was declared. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep473-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep473-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/iran-israel-debate-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/iran-israel-debate-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Mark’s X: https://x.com/mdubowitz [https://x.com/mdubowitz] Mark’s Podcast: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmEsAFBNkqsMQnt5pypwEX0ul0NyIjd3E [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmEsAFBNkqsMQnt5pypwEX0ul0NyIjd3E] The Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD): https://www.fdd.org/ [https://www.fdd.org/] Scott’s X: https://x.com/scotthortonshow [https://x.com/scotthortonshow] Scott’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@scotthortonshow [https://youtube.com/@scotthortonshow] Scott’s Podcast: https://www.scotthortonshow.com/ [https://www.scotthortonshow.com/] Scott’s Website: https://scotthorton.org/ [https://scotthorton.org/] Scott’s Books: https://amzn.to/3T9Qg7y [https://amzn.to/3T9Qg7y] The Libertarian Institute: https://libertarianinstitute.org/ [https://libertarianinstitute.org/] Antiwar.com: https://antiwar.com/ [https://antiwar.com/] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs. Go to https://joinhampton.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/hampton-ep473-sc] Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep473-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep473-sc] Oracle: Cloud infrastructure. Go to https://oracle.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/oracle-ep473-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep473-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:36) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (08:02) – Iran-Israel War (16:45) – Iran’s Nuclear Program (48:37) – Nuclear weapons and uranium (1:00:40) – Nuclear deal (1:26:14) – Iran Nuclear Archive (1:48:50) – Best case and worst case near-term future (2:24:15) – US attack on Iran – Operation Midnight Hammer (2:47:48) – Nuclear proliferation in the future (3:08:46) – Libertarianism (3:21:35) – Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) (3:37:10) – Trump and Peacemaking process (3:42:08) – WW2 (3:55:08) – WW3

Terence Tao is widely considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians in history. He won the Fields Medal and the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics, and has contributed to a wide range of fields from fluid dynamics with Navier-Stokes equations to mathematical physics & quantum mechanics, prime numbers & analytics number theory, harmonic analysis, compressed sensing, random matrix theory, combinatorics, and progress on many of the hardest problems in the history of mathematics. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep472-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep472-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/terence-tao-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/terence-tao-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Terence’s Blog: https://terrytao.wordpress.com/ [https://terrytao.wordpress.com/] Terence’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TerenceTao27 [https://www.youtube.com/@TerenceTao27] Terence’s Books: https://amzn.to/43H9Aiq [https://amzn.to/43H9Aiq] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep472-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep472-sc] NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep472-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep472-sc] AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep472-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:36) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (09:49) – First hard problem (15:16) – Navier–Stokes singularity (35:25) – Game of life (42:00) – Infinity (47:07) – Math vs Physics (53:26) – Nature of reality (1:16:08) – Theory of everything (1:22:09) – General relativity (1:25:37) – Solving difficult problems (1:29:00) – AI-assisted theorem proving (1:41:50) – Lean programming language (1:51:50) – DeepMind’s AlphaProof (1:56:45) – Human mathematicians vs AI (2:06:37) – AI winning the Fields Medal (2:13:47) – Grigori Perelman (2:26:29) – Twin Prime Conjecture (2:43:04) – Collatz conjecture (2:49:50) – P = NP (2:52:43) – Fields Medal (3:00:18) – Andrew Wiles and Fermat’s Last Theorem (3:04:15) – Productivity (3:06:54) – Advice for young people (3:15:17) – The greatest mathematician of all time PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast [https://lexfridman.com/podcast] – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr [https://apple.co/2lwqZIr] – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 [https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8] – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ [https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/] – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4] – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips [https://www.youtube.com/lexclips]